The purpose of this study was to assess the factorial pre dict and construct validity of the Sport Commitment Behavior Scale(SCBS; Jung, 1997) among sport and exercise participants in leisure. Development of items was based on (a) past research with sport commitment, (b) qualitative analysis of interviews with leisure sport mania. The SCBS was explored with cognitive commitment factor(8 items) and behavioral commitment factor(4 items) through the exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency estimates for the two SCBS scale were reasonable(alpha: cognitive commitment .94-.95; behavioral commitment .86-.87) for administration of the scale to participants(1st 442; 2nd 600). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit of the hypothesized model to the data that were identified by examining residuals and modification indices. In support of the convergent validity of the SCBS responses, every predicted correlations was statically significant. In support of the discriminant validity of SCBS responses, most predicted correlations were higher than other correlations involving the same criterion. These results support the construct validity of SCBS responses in relation to their potential usefulness in a wide variety of sports and exercise settings.

The participants were assigned to one of six conditions. The two spacing conditions were KR after every trial (100%) and after every fifth (20%). The three summarizing techniques were single trial KR, summary KR, and average KR. The six conditions were: single trial KR following every trial (ST-100%), single trial KR following every fifth trial (ST-20%), summary KR after each block of 5 trials (SUM-20%), summary KR of the most recent 5 trials presented after every trial (SUM-100%), average KR after each block of 5 trials (AVE-20%), and average KR of the most recent 5 trials presented after every trial (AVE-100%). Participants(n=3 per group) performed 30 acquisition trials of archery task, followed by 30 delayed(24 hour) no-KR retention trials. The results of this study are as follows: For the target goal, acquisition performance was more accurate(AE) for the 20% spacing condition than the 100% spacing condition, and more accurate during retention effect were significant for the 20% spacing condition and ST condition in absolute constant error. There were no significant main effects or interactions for VE during the acquisition trials, but more accurate (VE) for the 20% spacing condition than the 100% spacing condition during retention performance. The analysis indicated that AE and VE score was greater for the 100% spacing condition than the 20% spacing condition.

This study presents evidence of effectiveness of 9-week concentration training with brainwave biofeedback on concentration ability and archery competition performance. Eight university archery players(M=2, F=6) were divided into two groups(Experimental and Control).Experimental group(n=4) completed a series of concentration training program using a Q-jump computer system. Experimental task was a competition score. To determine the effectiveness of the concentration training contrast analysis was performed. ANCOVA was applied to the test data. The results of the analysis are as followings (a) The Q-jump feedback has an influence on improvement of concentration endurance and shift ability from 6weeks to 9weeks. (b) The concentration program with Q-jump feedback does not have an influence on Archer` competition scores.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the space-time movement accuracy and consistency and the movement speed in a coincident timing task. This study was designed to measure the timing error in a horizontal dimention and the spatial error in a vertical dimension. The subjects were five right-handed student volunteers from the Seoul National University. The apparatus were an elbow angular displacement bar that allowed rotation about the horizontal and vertical plane and Bassin anticipation timer which was controlled in connection with the bar by computer. The starting position of the bar was in 10°, 30°, and 50° right side from the target and the target was located in the perpendicular direction from the right shoulder. Subjects were told that their task was to start the elbow angular displacement bar when the fifth light from the left on the Bassin stimulus runway come on and to pass through the target of the last light when the last light come on. Each subject took part in three range of motion(10°, 30°, 50°) and five different velocities of target light conditions. The finding of the experiment was that bivariate variable error(BVE) decreased as the movement speed increased by increasing range of motion or increasing the target light speed. Also, spatial error increased as the movement speed increased with the increment of range of motion. The results supported the speed-accuracy relation that the timing accuracy was reversely related with movement speed. However, the spatial accuracy was in accordance with the general explanation of speed-accuracy relation only in the aspect of range of motion rather than the general movement speed.

The purpose of present study was to examine coach`s leader behavior type and team cohesion the relationship between the types of coach`s leader behavior and team cohesion in good performance and bad performance basketball teams. One hundred and one athletes and eight coaches of eight University basketball teams from Seoul and Kyongee were selected, and questionnaires measuring Leadership Scale for Sports (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) ad sports cohesion (Lee et al., 1993, 1994) were administered. The good performance and bad performance teams were determined by team`s winning records. Independent t-test and stepwise multiple regression were used for statistical analyses. The conclusions from the findings are; (1) The coaches of good performance teams tend to use more Autocratic behavior than the coaches of "bad performance", (2) The good performance teams have higher Group Intergration-Social cohesion than the bad performance teams, (3) Coaches` Trainning and Instruction behaviors have a positive influence on cohesion of good performance teams, and (4) Coaches` Democratic behaviors have a negative influence on the cohesion of the good performance teams, while coaches` Autocratic behaviors have a positive influence on the cohesion of basketball teams regardless of their team performance.

This study is about a concentration training of a rifle Marksman, P, The male Marksman P is 21 years old, and has played a rifle for eight years. His major is 10M air rifle. We apply AB design which is the simplest time-series design among single case experiments. In A step, we have applied the questionnaire for examining the ability of concentration and attentiveness for four times at an interval of 1 or 2 weeks. In B step, we developed a programme for improving the concentration training and applied it to the player. During the training in B step, which had continued from July to October, we have collected individual interviews, survey, records of games in order to evaluate achievement. The questionnaire for concentration has been served once a month, and the TAIS has been operated once each time before and after the concentration training. The concentration routine is directed to the way of considering the athlete`s personal habit and merit most. Therefore, the concentration routine includes the essential matters of habitual acting and thought in ordinary training and in the final match. The concentration routine is consist of powerful meaningful movement and keyword in order to maintain the stream of movement and thought at the final match even though the Marksman is under the heavy pressure of the game. The practice evaluation has been done by a completed routine programme after the four-month-training. After examining the result of the evaluation, the concentration training improves the ability of controlling concentration. The positive type of TAIS is increased and the negative type is decreased. About the record of achievement, the player had advanced to the final once before the training, on the other hand, advanced to all the five final matches after the training. Consequently, it is discovered that the concentration training contributes to the achievement.

The purpose of this study is that we`d like to clear the factor of sinmyung which professional korean dancers experience with researching 10 participant. And then we came to the following conclusion. The factor of shinmyung which professional korean dancers experience was analysed with 212 basic raw materials, 14categories and inductive 6 dimensions. To be concrete, there is harmony, immersion, pleasure of senses, solution transcendence in the dimension. The harmony with audiences, characters and companies are comprised in the categories. The harmony with the group, delight, feeling, accomplishment, comfortableness, nature, concentration, spirit, experience, special understanding etc. also belong to the categories. In the aspect of educational situation, these conclusions are really meaningful and significant study to dancers who majored korean dance. Also we should try to find our special characteristic in our dance. We should analyse essence of our dance. This kind of study will be helpful to understand korean dance and it will contribute to our dance.

After the trend of cross-cultural approach, it has been changing to represent actively the needs of sport market. This study was to explore role model of sport psychologist in professional football team. S professional football players, coaches, staffs, official supporter of S team were observed for 6 months. The results showed that sport psychologist plays various roles as a counsellor, trainer, instructor, researcher, peer, and mediator to players, coaches, staffs, ad supporters in Professional Football Club. Sport psychologists do their roles in physic, time, cyber, and communicating fields. It is very important that sport psychologists are confidential and flexible as doing their roles. In addition, sport psychologists should not expect recognition of their contribution in the team.

The study was to examine the influence of brain activation according to stress relaxation training and stimulation with middle-aged subjects, assigned each 10 of 30 subjects without meditation or regular exercise experiences to experimental group, aerobic exercise group and control group randomly and carried out the experiment for 50 min per every session by three times a week for eight weeks according to experimental methods for each group. After eight-week training, when they were exposed to aural noise for 3 minutes and stressor of mental arithmetic, local change and spatial coherence of nine electroencephalogram electrode parts including F3, Fz, F4, C2, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4 before and after stimulation were analyzed through power interpretation of alpha wave and gamma wave. As a result of repeated measure two-way ANOVA, F3 and C3 parts of alpha wave showed a significant change at group and time before and after stimulation and F3 part of gamma wave showed a significant change in interaction effects of time and group^(×)time. As a result of Wilcoxon test according to Coherence interpretation, while aerobic exercise group and control group showed local decrease of alpha wave before and after applying stimulation, experimental group rather showed its increase and also showed more significant increase of gamma wave in the whole areas of brain than aerobic exercise group and control group. These results suggested that applying physical and cognitive training methods based on brain respiration of experimental group has a potential to keep more stable and efficient state of brain functions from temporal stress stimulation.

The purpose of this study was examine the Metal Toughness of the yacht player according to the differences in performance level and group. Metal Toughness Test(MTT) by Loehr(1982) was used to measure the mental toughness factors and Cronbach`s α coefficient to approve internal correspond of survey lists. The subject of this study were total 110 yacht players, that is, 63 high school players and 47 college and company players (20 excellent players and 90 non-excellent players). Two-way ANOVA in significance level .05 apply to the mental toughness factors for analysis and comparison according to performance level and age in yacht player. Results were as follows: First, in verifying the difference of average value in self-confidence factor, there was no significant difference in performance level, but was in age. Second, in verifying the difference of average value in awakening control factor, there was no significant difference in performance level, but was in age. Third, in verifying the difference of average value in attention control factor, there was no significant difference in performance level, but was in age. Fourth, in verifying the difference of average value in vision and image control factor, there was no significant difference in both performance level and age. Fifth, in verifying the difference of average value in motivation level factor, there was no significant difference in performance level, but was in age. Sixth, in verifying the difference of average value in positive energy factor, there was no significant difference in performance level, but was in age. Seventh, in verifying the difference of average value in attitude control factor, there was no significant difference in performance level, but was in age. To advance the achievement of yacht players, next details are suggested on the basis of this above results. The result shows that the older the players are, the better level of subordinate factors are. But it is necessary that they should start to strengthen mental toughness training from the beginner, who start yacht in very early youth, when making out the program of psychological skill training for yacht players.

This study was to investigate factors that affect the detection of a target in Gun Shooters and Kendo Masters with visual search experimental paradigm, and to compare visual detection difference between them who was different from attention type. The target was different from the background stimuli in either orientation(orientation target) or distinctive feature(feature target), and was presented in one of the four quartile positions in the Cartesian coordinates. In Experiment 1 where both the target and background stimuli were presented statically. The result of the experiment showed that the target tended to be detected faster in Gun Shooters than Kendo Masters. Also it has been discovered that orientation target was detected faster than feature target. Location priority effect was also found. That is, the targets in the first quartile position were detected faster than those in any other positions. Experiment 2 explored the effect of the target types and locations while both the target and the background stimuli were moving in vertical directions. The results showed that the target was detected faster in Kendo Masters than Gun Shooters. And the location priority effect was also found, but the effect was different in Experiment 1. That is, the targets in the first and the second quartile position were detected faster than those in any other positions. Also it has been discovered that feature target was detected as faster as orientation target in Kendo Masters. This result showed the importance of perception by the movement.